LONGITUDINAL AND SCALAR BOSONS IN MATERIAL MEDIA
AND IN VACUUM
V.S. Gorelik
Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bauman Moscow State
Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
e-mail:
gorelik@sci.lebedev.ruThe article discusses properties of different type bose-particles existing in dielectric
media and in vacuum. The author analyzes spectrum of lattice and excitonic
polaritons for a two-atom cubic crystal and the character of dielectric function
ε
(
ω
)
for transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic waves. It is demonstrated
that longitudinal electromagnetic waves correspond to zero dielectric permittivity
in both material media and vacuum. It is established that for certain polarization
geometries during registration of Raman scattering spectra in non-centrosymmetrical
crystals like gallium phosphide and lithium niobate transverse and longitudinal
electromagnetic waves may be excited. The author analyzed relationship between
the energy and quasi-momentum in globular photonic crystals. It is established
that in such crystals the photon rest mass is non-zero and can be both positive
and negative. It has been found that in dielectric and photonic crystals polariton
curves have irregularities corresponding to the so-called unitary polaritons whose
refraction index complies with the formula:
n
2
= 1
. The dependencies of energy
on momentum for vacuum bosons corresponding to transversal, longitudinal, scalar,
and pseudoscalar waves are given. It is shown that longitudinal photons in vacuum
have negative effective rest mass. The author analysed conditions of observation
for scalar and pseudoscalar bosons (paraphotons and axions) with extremely low
rest mass (
10
−
3
. . .
10
−
6
eV), which existence was predicted earlier on the base of
astrophysical observations. The author examines the laws of photon-boson conversion
using the intensive laser light sources as excitation radiation. The essential increase of
such type conversion efficiency is predicted under the transition from spontaneous to
stimulated regimes. Specific experimental installations are proposed for observation
of the processes of photon-paraphoton conversion.
Keywords
:
boson, photon, paraphoton, axion, polariton, laser, vacuum, dielectric
permittivity, conversion, energy, momentum.
Introduction.
Bose particles (bosons) are elementary excitations of
material media and vacuum. These particles in contrast to fermions can
be accumulated in quantum states in large numbers. In classical terms, a
large number of bosons in a given state is equivalent to a large oscillation
amplitude of the respective oscillators. Among the known bosons existing
in vacuum, photons which correspond to transverse electromagnetic waves
with a linear energy – momentum relationship are of particular interest:
E
=
c
0
p
(
ω
=
c
0
k
)
. Possible existence of longitudinal photons in vacuum
has not yet been confirmed by any experiments and is still a matter of
discussion. In the research publication [1] based on astrophysical data
L.B. Okun assumes that scalar photons named paraphotons may exist
in vacuum. Later, the existence of pseudoscalar bosons — axions was
predicted [2]. Paraphotons and axions are the likely elementary particles of
the dark matter which properties have been the subject of active research
lately. The theory [3, 4] supposes that rest mass of paraphotons and axions
lies within the range of
10
−
6
. . .
10
−
3
eV, which corresponds to the far
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ISSN 1812-3368. Herald of the BMSTU. Series “Natural Sciences”. 2015. No. 1